Reliable switch that is triggered by the detection of a specific gas or substance

ABSTRACT

A sensor, having a resonant frequency responsive to presence of an analyze, comprising a DC electrostatic excitation component, to produce a static force pulling a moveable element toward a backplate; an AC electrostatic excitation component, to produce an oscillation in the moveable element with respect to the backplate; and a sensor to detect contact between the moveable and the backplate.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 60/893,342 filed Mar. 6, 2007, and 60/943,303, filed Jun. 11, 2007, the entirety of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the field of microcantilever sensing devices.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Microcantilevers that are properly functionalized with chemo- or bioselective coatings have been shown to be extremely sensitive to chemical and biological analytes in both vapor and liquid media. Microcantilevers therefore exhibit great promise as molecular and atomic recognition sensors for an extremely diverse set of applications including environmental monitoring, industrial process control, biological research, and homeland defense. Microcantilever operation is characterized by chemical reaction or adsorption of molecular species at the microcantilever surface which results in a change in the microcantelever's deflection and in properties such as its resonance frequency. While these induced changes can be very small (sub-nanometer cantilever deflection, for example), they are readily measurable with a laser beam reflection technique developed for atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilever measurements.

See:

-   Thundat, T., G. Chen, R. Warmack, D. Allison, and E. Wachter (1995)     Vapor detection using resonating microcantilevers. Analytical     Chemistry 67, 519-521. -   Wachter, E. A. and T. Thundat (1995) Micromechanical sensors for     chemical and physical measurements. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66,     3662-3667. -   Battiston, F., J.-P. Ramseyer, H. Lang, M. Baller, C. Gerber, J.     Gimzewski, E. Meyer and H. Güntherodt (2001) “A chemical sensor     based on a microfabricated cantilever array with simultaneous     resonance frequency and bending readout”. Sensors and Actuators B     77, 122-131. -   Yang, Y. M., H. Ji, and T. Thundat (2003) “Nerve agents detection     using a Cu2+/L-cysteine bilayercoated microcantilever”. Journal of     the American Chemical Society 125, 1124-1125. -   Wu, G. H., R. Datar, K. Hansen, T. Thundat, R. Cote, and A.     Majumdar. (2001) “Bioassay of prostatespecific antigen (PSA) using     microcantilevers”. Nature Biotechnology 19, 856-860. -   J. D. Adams, B. Rogers, L. Manning, M. Jones, T. Sulchek, K.     Murray, B. Beneschott, Z. Hu, T. Thundat, H. Cavazos, and S. C.     Minne (2003) “Piezoelectric self-sensing of adsorption-induced     microcantilever bending”. Appl. Phys. Lett., in press -   B. Rogers, L. Manning, M. Jones, T. Sulchek, K. Murray, B.     Beneschott, J. D. Adams, Z. Hu and T. Thundat, H. Cavazos and S. C.     Minne. (to be published November 2003) “Mercury vapor detection with     a selfsensing, resonating piezoelectric cantilever”. Rev. Sci.     Instrum. -   L. A. Pinnaduwage, A. Gehl, D. L. Hedden, G. Muralidharan, T.     Thundat, R. T. Lareau, T. Sulchek, L. Manning, B. Rogers, M. Jones,     and J. D. Adams. (accepted 2003) “Detection of trinitrotoluene via     deflagration on a microcantilever”. Nature -   J. D. Adams, G. Parrott, C. Bauer, T. Sant, L. Manning, M. Jones, B.     Rogers, D. McCorkle and T. L. Ferrell. (to be published Oct.     20, 2003) “Nanowatt chemical vapor detection with a self-sensing,     piezoelectric microcantilever array”. Appl. Phys. Lett. -   J. English, Y. Shtessel, M. Yegnaraman and M. George, “MEMS Device     Modeling Microcantilever Sensor via Second Order Sliding Mode     Control”, Nanotech 2006 Vol. 3, Technical Proceedings of the 2006     NSTI Nanotechnology Conference and Trade Show, Volume 3, Chapter 6.

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Near field optical microscope 6,530,266 Active probe for an atomic force microscope and method of use thereof 6,525,307 Integrated optical interrogation of micro-structures 6,523,392 Microcantilever sensor 6,471,136 Biosensors for monitoring air conditioning and refrigeration processes 6,444,972 Apparatus and method for detecting electromagnetic radiation using electron photoemission in a micro- mechanical sensor 6,408,250 Methods for characterizing, classifying, and identifying unknowns in samples 6,392,777 Opto-mechanical device 6,392,233 Optomechanical radiant energy detector 6,391,624 Highly sensitive biological agent probe 6,385,363 Photo-induced micro-mechanical optical switch 6,325,904 Nanoelectrode arrays 6,312,959 Method using photo-induced and thermal bending of MEMS sensors 6,311,549 Micromechanical transient sensor for measuring viscosity and density of a fluid 6,307,202 Bimorph spirals for uncooled photothermal spectroscopy 6,303,288 Integrated microchip genetic testing system 6,289,717 Micromechanical antibody sensor 6,287,765 Methods for detecting and identifying single molecules 6,269,685 Viscosity measuring using microcantilevers 6,249,001 Infrared imager using room temperature capacitance sensor 6,245,444 Micromachined element and method of fabrication thereof 6,229,683 High voltage micromachined electrostatic switch 6,215,137 Micromechanical sensor for scanning thermal imaging microscope and method of making the same 6,212,939 Uncoated microcantilevers as chemical sensors 6,189,374 Active probe for an atomic force microscope and method of use thereof 6,181,131 Magnetic resonance force microscopy with oscillator actuation 6,167,748 Capacitively readout multi-element sensor array with common-mode cancellation 6,130,464 Latching microaccelerometer 6,118,124 Electromagnetic and nuclear radiation detector using micromechanical sensors 6,096,559 Micromechanical calorimetric sensor 6,057,520 Arc resistant high voltage micromachined electrostatic switch 6,054,277 Integrated microchip genetic testing system 6,050,722 Non-contact passive temperature measuring system and method of operation using micro-mechanical sensors 6,041,642 Method and apparatus for sensing the natural frequency of a cantilevered body 6,016,686 Micromechanical potentiometric sensors 5,998,995 Microelectromechanical (MEMS)-based magneto strictive magnetometer 5,977,544 Uncooled infrared photon detector and multicolor infrared detection using microoptomechanical sensors 5,965,886 Infrared imager using room temperature capacitance sensor 5,918,263 Microcantilever detector for explosives 5,908,981 Interdigital deflection sensor for microcantilevers 5,819,749 Microvalve 5,811,017 Cantilever for use in a scanning probe microscope and method of manufacturing the same 5,810,325 Microvalve 5,796,152 Cantilevered microstructure 5,781,331 Optical micro shutter array 5,771,902 Micromachined actuators/sensors for intratubular positioning/steering 5,719,324 Microcantilever 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Chemical sensor with oscillating cantilevered probe and mechanical stop 20040262852 Methods and devices comprising flexible seals for modulating or controlling flow and heat 20040255651 Dynamic activation for an atomic force microscope and method of use thereof 20040244488 On-chip magnetic force actuation of microcantilevers by coplanar coils 20040223884 Chemical sensor responsive to change in volume of material exposed to target particle 20040223881 Detection of biochemical interactions on a biosensor using tunable filters and tunable lasers 20040211243 EMBEDDED PIEZOELECTRIC MICROCANTILEVER SENSORS 20040194535 Nanodisk sensor and sensor array 20040194534 HYBRID MICROCANTILEVER SENSORS 20040165244 Multiplex illuminator and device reader for micro- cantilever array 20040152211 System and method for multiplexed biomolecular analysis 20040132214 Label-free methods for performing assays using a colorimetric resonant optical biosensor 20040115711 Detecting molecular binding by monitoring feedback controlled cantilever deflections 20040115239 Engineering of material surfaces 20040110161 Method for detecting mutations in nucleotide sequences 20040100376 Healthcare monitoring system 20040096357 Composite sensor membrane 20040080319 MIP microcantilever sensor and a method of using thereof 20040078219 Healthcare networks with biosensors 20040060358 Acoustic sensors using microstructures tunable with energy other than acoustic energy 20040038426 Measurement of concentrations and binding energetics 20040029108 Microcantilever apparatus and methods for detection of enzymes, enzyme substrates, and enzyme effectors 20040007051 Microscale sensor element and related device and method of manufacture 20030222232 Sensor 20030215865 Integrated nanomechanical sensor array chips 20030215844 Single molecule detection of bio-agents using the F1-ATPase biomolecular motor 20030209058 MIP microcantilever sensor and a method of using thereof 20030197852 Method for analyzing impurities in carbon dioxide 20030186455 Apparatus and method for multiple target assay for drug discovery 20030186454 Apparatus and method for lead profiling assay 20030186453 Apparatus and method for a nanocalorimeter for detecting chemical reactions 20030130804 Systems and methods for analyzing viscoelastic properties of combinatorial libraries of materials 20030128361 LIGHT MODULATION APPARATUS AND OPTICAL SWITCH, MOVEMENT DETECTING DEVICE AND DISTANCE MEASURING DEVICE, ALIGNMENT DEVICE AND SEMICONDUCTOR ALIGNER, AND PROCESSES THEREOF 20030119220 Micromechanical piezoelectric device 20030113766 Amine activated colorimetric resonant biosensor 20030110844 Force scanning probe microscope 20030103262 Multimodal miniature microscope 20030099763 Shaped microcomponent via reactive conversion of biologically-derived microtemplates 20030094036 Active probe for an atomic force microscope and method of use thereof 20030092016 Microfluidics apparatus and methods for use thereof 20030077660 Method and 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Each of the above references is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a resonant mechanical structure which is forced to escape from a potential well; in this case the potential well is electrostatic. This escape leads to dynamic pull-in and collapse of the structure. According to a preferred embodiment, the collapse results in a switching action of an electrical circuit.

While a preferred embodiment of the invention excites the resonant mechanical structure with an alternating electric field (AC) while simultaneously biasing it with a static electric field component (DC), the structure can be driven near its natural frequency (resonance) by any excitation method, for example, with a piezoelectric effect, an electromagnetic or magnetic effect, a thermal effect, a photoresponse effect, and acoustic methods.

An embodiment of the present invention combines the functions of two devices: a sensor (e.g., gas or solute) and an electro-mechanical switch. This device is capable of detecting a specific kind of gas or substance, such as an explosive gas, and then sends a strong electrical signal (e.g., low impedance output) as a sign or indication of this detection. This signal can be used to actuate an alarming system or to activate a defensive or a security system.

The present state of the art has many examples of gas sensors that can detect specific gases, but the signal obtained from this detection is not strong enough or usable to be utilized to do an action. In order to utilize the obtained signal from such devices, a complex system of sensors, actuators, decision units, amplifiers, analogue-to digital converters, and other electronic components, is needed. These may be expensive and complex and may not be reliable enough. If any of those single components becomes non-functional, the whole system fails. The new device, on the other hand, is reliable, simple, relatively less expensive, and can be made to be of high sensitivity.

An embodiment according to the present invention has high reliability. When configured as a switch, it will operate only when the concentration of the hazardous gas or material exceeds the permitted percentage, then it will send a direct electrical signal. So if there is no risk, no signal comes out; if there is any danger, there will be a signal. In some cases, it may operate in inverse as a “normally closed” output, wherein the hazardous condition is signified by an interruption of the signal. An integration of multiple sensing elements is possible, sensing the same or different effects at various sensitivities and thresholds, and it is also possible to provide a differential output in which one switch is closed and another opened to indicate the condition.

A sensor device according to various embodiments of the invention is simple to fabricate: for example, it may consist of only a microbeam capacitor with an appropriate coating, and a conductive path sensor. Such a device is typically excited with a DC potential to provide a pull in force, and an AC signal to generate an oscillation.

The present invention is not limited to functioning as an actuator, and thus can also function as a sensor having an analog and/or proportional output. In that case, a circuit is provided to analyze a characteristic of the oscillating element, such as its position, oscillation amplitude, resonance frequency or non-linearities in transfer function, to determine an amount or change in response of the sensor to the condition being sensed. It is noted that calibration of the sensor and/or switch may be achieved by altering the AC and/or DC voltages.

The sensor may also be made responsive to external mechanical influences, such as shock or inertia. See, Younis et al., “Characterization of the Performance of Capacitive Switches activated by Mechanical Shock”, J. Micromechanics and Microengineeering 17 (2007), 1360-1370, expressly incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention has all the advantages of the MEMS sensors and actuators (low power consumption, low weight, etc.). The principals involved may also apply to nano-electromechanical sensors, formed, for example, with nanotubes, and may be scaled to larger sizes as well. Thus, while the MEMS technology is not a size or scale limitation of the invention, though devices and features obtained through application of masking, etching and/or selective oxidation of silicon wafers are presently preferred.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A complete understanding of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the accompanying drawings, when considered in conjunction with the subsequent detailed description, in which:

FIG. 1 shows a parallel-plate capacitor.

FIGS. 2 and 3 show a parallel plate capacitor before (a) and after (b) the application of a small and large DC voltage, respectively, producing a static force.

FIG. 4 shows a parallel plate capacitor showing the excitation using both a DC load and an AC harmonic load.

FIG. 5 shows the maximum displacement of a cantilever beam of a parallel-plate capacitor versus the frequency of excitation.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show a time history response of the microbeam when excited by different frequencies.

FIGS. 8 and 9 show the operating principle a switch in accordance with the present invention as a gas sensor.

FIG. 10 shows dimensional frequency-response curves for a clamped-clamped microbeam before and after 5% mass increase, and two time history simulations for the response of the microbeam before and after mass detection.

FIG. 11 shows the instability tongue of an electrically actuated cantilever beam.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention relies on electrostatic actuation of a parallel plate capacitor, shown in FIG. 1, in which one plate (or any other structure of arbitrary shape) is stationary and the other plate is movable and is actuated or biased by an electrostatic DC force. Indeed, the existence of a stationary plate is not required, though it provides a simplified construction and analysis thereof.

The DC force deflects the moveable plate toward the other stationary plate (FIG. 2 b). If the electrostatic force is small, the moveable plate is maintained in a deflected position, at which the elastic restoring force of the plate is in equilibrium with the opposing electrostatic force.

When the DC voltage increases, the electrostatic force increases, and hence the plate deflection increases. There is an upper limit for the DC voltage, beyond which the mechanical restoring force of the plate can no longer resist the opposing electrostatic force. This leads to a “collapse” of the plate, which hits the stationary plate (FIG. 3 b). This structural instability phenomenon is known as pull-in. In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, the contact of the two plates provides a switching function, which is potentially relatively low impedance, and thus can provide direct drive capability, without requiring an electronic sensing circuit or amplifier in order to provide a suitable signal for external use.

Pull-in can also occur due to the actuation of a combination of a DC load and an AC harmonic load. The DC load deflects the movable electrode slightly and the AC load vibrates the electrode around the new deflected position. Because pull-in here occurs due to a dynamic (harmonic) loading, it is called dynamic pull-in, as opposed to static pull-in, which occurs due the actuation of DC loading only, as explain above with respect to FIGS. 2 and 3.

The AC harmonic load has the form of v(t)=V_(AC) cos(Ωt), where V_(AC) is the amplitude of the AC excitation and Ω is the excitation frequency. The maximum influence of this excitation on the movable structure (electrode) occurs when the excitation frequency Ω gets close to the natural frequency of the structure ω_(natural). This causes a resonant behavior. Hence, we expect the dynamic pull-in phenomenon to occur in the range of excitation frequency that is close to the natural frequency of the movable electrode.

To demonstrate an example of the invention, we consider a parallel plate capacitor employing a cantilever beam as its upper electrode. The microbeam is made of silicon, with length 100 microns, width 10 microns, and thickness 0.1 micron. The gap spacing between the beam the substrate (the lower stationary electrode) is d=2 microns. The quality factor of the microbeam is assumed to be 10. The natural frequency of this microbeam is equal 3.5*ω_(nat), where ω_(nat) is a universal natural frequency for beams. So ω_(natural)/ω_(nat)=3.5. When the beam is biased by V_(DC)=0.4 V, ω_(natural)/ω_(nat) drops to 3.3.

The pull-in voltage for the microbeam when actuated by a DC voltage only is V_(DC)=0.6 V. If this microbeam is excited by V_(DC)=0.4 V and an AC harmonic load of amplitude V_(AC)=0.1 V, a dynamic pull-in occurs when the excitation frequency Ω is close to the natural frequency of the microbeam, that is Ω/ω_(nat)=ω_(natural)/ω_(nat)=3.3. This is demonstrated in FIG. 5, which shows the maximum displacement of the cantilever beam W_(max) normalized by the gap width d underneath the beam versus the excitation frequency Ω normalized by ω_(nat). FIG. 5 shows that when Ω gets close to ω_(natural) (Ω=3.3 ω_(nat)), resonance occurs and W_(max) reaches its peak. Because of the presence of the instability threshold pull-in, the frequency-response curve opens up. We note that there is band of frequency near this regime where there is no stable state for the microbeam exists. We can call this band the “pull-in band”. If the microbeam is excited near this range of frequency, it will snap down and go to pull-in. On the other hand, if the microbeam is excited at a frequency away from this pull-in band, the microbeam will oscillate in a stable motion and never goes to pull-in. FIG. 6 shows these cases.

FIG. 5 shows the maximum displacement of a cantilever beam of a parallel-plate capacitor versus the frequency of excitation. Here, V_(DC)=0.4 V and V_(AC)=0.1 V.

FIG. 6 shows a time history response of the microbeam when excited by Ω=3, which is in the pull-in regime. It is clear that the response is unstable and it goes to pull-in, where W_(max/d) is equal one.

FIG. 7 shows a time history response of the microbeam when excited by Ω=2.6, which is away from the pull-in regime. It is clear that the response is stable and it reaches a steady-state value W_(max)/d equal 0.3.

The cantilever microbeam can be coated with a sensing material, such as some “smart” polymers that are sensitive to specific gases. (See references incorporated herein by reference supra). Hence, the microbeam becomes as a chemical sensor to that gas. The coated sensitive surface layer of the cantilever beam can absorb a small amount of specific gas, which is around in the environment. This increases the weight of the cantilever beam, which leads to a decrease in its natural frequency, since it is proportional to the inverse of the square root of the mass of the beam (if the stiffness of the microbeam is denoted by k, then ω_(nat)=√{square root over (k/m)}). This shift in frequency can be considered as an indication to the presence of the gas in the environment. This is effect is well known. A sensing is possible of any condition which directly or indirectly changes the relevant mechanical characteristics of the beam, such as its mass, stiffness, size, resonant frequency, damping, or the like. In the case, for example, of a swellable polymer, the mechanical separation of the plates may be changed in dependence on a concentration or presence of an analyte. Other configurations are possible, as well, so it should be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited to a sensor formed by an absorptive coating on a microcantilever beam altering the resonant frequency thereof.

The principle of operation of an embodiment of the device relies on the above principle of gas sensors and the dynamic pull-in concept demonstrated in the previous section. According to the present invention, the microbeam is excited by a combination of DC load and AC load such that the microbeam normally operates below the dynamic pull-in band of frequency.

When the microbeam is subject to the existence of the specific gas or other substance desired to be detected, which absorbs to the beam or a coating thereon, its mass will increase, and its natural frequency will decrease. This will decrease the ratio Ω/ω_(nat), and hence the operating point on the frequency response curve will shift to the right. We can calibrate this shift such that the shifted Ω/ω_(nat) lies in the dynamic pull-in frequency band. Hence, the microbeam collapses, to close an electric circuit to indicate the presence of the gas and at the same time to send an electrical signal, which can be used for alarming or any other useful function. In some cases, the collapse is a reversible process, and therefore a decrease in a concentration of a material can be sensed by an opening of the switch.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate the principle of operation. FIG. 8 shows the operating principle of a switch in accordance with the present invention. The microbeam is biased by a DC voltage equal 0.4 V and an AC load equal 0.1 V. The dashed line to the left represents the operating point of the microbeam before the mass detection. The dashed line to the right represents the operating point of the microbeam after detecting a gas, which increase its mass by 10%.

FIG. 9 shows the switch when biased by a DC voltage equal 0.4 V and an AC load equal 0.15. The dashed line to the left represents the operating point of the microbeam before the mass detection. The dashed line to the right represents the operating point of the microbeam after detecting a gas, which increase its mass by 5%.

FIG. 10 shows dimensional frequency-response curves for a clamped-clamped microbeam (i.e., one which is supported on opposite sides, and which therefore has a degree of freedom for movement between the supported sides) before and after a 5% mass increase.

This scenario is illustrated using dimensional quantities and plots. Consider the case in which the microbeam is initially excited by a combination of a DC and AC harmonic load of a fixed frequency below the escape band, for example at 52 kHz in FIG. 10. Assuming a 5% increase in mass because of external mass detection/absorption, this leads to a decrease in its natural frequency shifting it to the left. This means that the whole frequency-response curve of the microbeam shifts to the left too. By maintaining the frequency of excitation fixed at 52 kHz, while the microbeam's natural frequency shifting to smaller values, and by calibrating this shift such that the operating frequency lies in the escape band after mass detection, the microbeam will be forced to pull-in. Hence, it can act as a switch to close an electric circuit, and, for example, pass a low impedance electric signal.

FIG. 10 also shows a simulated time history response for the microbeam for two states, before and after mass detection. Prior to mass detection, the microbeam oscillates at a steady-state amplitude of 0.4. After mass detection, the microbeam undergoes unstable oscillation leading to its collapse after 0.25 ms.

The microbeam thus normally is driven to operate close to the instability tongue, and the perturbation caused by a change in mechanical properties causes the microbeam to enter the instability tongue and collapse. This collapse, in turn, permits a switching action dependent on a physical contact of the microbeam and the back plate.

FIG. 11 shows a calculated instability tongue for a cantilever microbeam for the case of Q=100 as a function of V_(AC) and Ω/ω_(Universal). The figure also illustrates the operating principle based on primary-resonance excitation.

The present invention can operate as a chemical sensor or a biosensor. In the case of a biosensor, typically the sensor component itself provides a biochemical specificity for binding or catalyzing a reaction, for example. It can be used to detect explosive, hazardous, or any other gases or substances, and to activate/actuate alarming or defensive systems. The invention also may be used to detect biological agents, such as bacteria and viruses, in the environment or in the human body and then send a signal indicating their existence, and may be to perform other functions.

Since other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, this invention is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of this disclosure, and covers all changes and modifications which does not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this invention.

Having thus described the invention, what is desired to be protected by Letters Patent is presented in the subsequently appended claims. 

1. A switch, comprising: a mechanically resonant first element; an electric field generator, configured to produce an electric field which selectively subjects the first element to a force having at least one dynamic component adapted to excite an oscillation in the first element, and a biasing component adapted to induce a force which biases the first element with respect to a second element; and a material which selectively alters at least one mechanical condition, tending to cause a change in an oscillation of the first element, wherein the material is configured to provide a range of alteration in the at least one mechanical condition which includes an unstable oscillation behavior which causes a dynamic pull-in and a contact between the first and second elements, and wherein the first element has a stable oscillation state and an unstable oscillation state, and wherein the electric field generator is configured to oscillate the first element in the stable oscillation state absent an alteration of the mechanical condition by the material within a potential well defined by the electrostatic field, and the material is further configured to alter the mechanical condition such that the oscillation of the first element enters the unstable oscillation state and escapes from the potential well, resulting in a dynamic pull-in of the first element in the unstable oscillation state.
 2. The switch according to claim 1, wherein a contact state between the first element and the second element is dependent on a chemical condition.
 3. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the material alters an effective mass of the first element by interaction with an external influence, altering a resonance property of the first element.
 4. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the first element comprises a cantilever beam.
 5. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the material comprises a polymer which selectively absorbs an analyte.
 6. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the material comprises a sensing material responsive to an analyte, and a contact between the first and second elements is selectively dependent on a concentration of the analyte.
 7. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the material comprises a sensing material responsive to an analyte, and a contact between the first and second elements is selectively dependent on an amount of the analyte.
 8. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the material comprises a sensing material responsive to an analyte, and a contact between the first and second elements is selectively dependent on a change in the analyte.
 9. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the contact between the first and second elements is reversible.
 10. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the contact between the first and second elements causes the first and second elements to stick together after a condition which cause contact to occur is removed.
 11. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the biasing component comprises a static electrostatic field configured to displace the first element with respect to the second element.
 12. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the dynamic component comprises a dynamic electrostatic field configured to oscillate the first element at a frequency near a lowest resonant frequency of the first element.
 13. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the dynamic component comprises a dynamic electrostatic field configured to oscillate the first element at a frequency near a higher order resonant frequency of the first element.
 14. The switch according to claim 1, further comprising an output configured to convey a signal corresponding to a state of contact between the first element and the second element.
 15. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the second element is configured to form a conductive path upon contact with the first element, further comprising an electrical lead extending from each of the first and second elements.
 16. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein a contact state between the first element and the second element is dependent on a biological condition.
 17. The switch according to claim 1, wherein the first element comprises a clamped-clamped beam fixed at opposing ends and configured to oscillate between the fixed ends.
 18. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the sensor is reusable after contact between the first element and the second element.
 19. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein an irreversible mechanical change occurs upon a contact between the first element and the second element.
 20. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the first element is fabricated from silicon.
 21. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the material is selectively responsive to a concentration of a gas in contact with the material.
 22. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the material is selectively responsive to an explosive material.
 23. The sensor according to claim 1, wherein the material alters the mechanical condition by a change in at least one of a change in mass, stiffness, size, resonant frequency, and damping.
 24. The switch according to claim 1, where in the first element is configured to serve as an electrode for the electric field generator.
 25. The switching structure according to claim 1, wherein the at least one dynamic component produced by the electric field generator comprises a constant non-zero amplitude and waveform AC voltage, and the biasing component comprises a constant non-zero DC bias voltage, and the dynamic pull-in and the contact between the first and second elements persists over a plurality of AC voltage waveform cycles of the AC voltage. 